Psychotherapy, or talk therapy, helps individuals address mental health challenges through structured conversations with a trained therapist. While dozens of approaches exist, three main types dominate evidence-based practice: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Psychodynamic Therapy, and Humanistic Therapy. Each targets different aspects of the mind and behavior.

1. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): The most widely used and researched form, CBT focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviors that fuel issues like anxiety, depression, or PTSD. It’s short-term (typically 12–20 sessions), structured, and goal-oriented. Therapists teach practical skills such as cognitive restructuring or exposure techniques to break harmful cycles. Meta-analyses in The Lancet (2018) show CBT achieves remission rates of 50–60% for depression, rivaling antidepressants.
2. Psychodynamic Therapy: Rooted in Freudian principles, this approach explores unconscious conflicts, childhood experiences, and unresolved emotions driving current distress. Sessions are less structured, emphasizing insight through free association and transference (projecting past feelings onto the therapist). Modern versions, like brief psychodynamic therapy, last 20–40 sessions. A 2019 American Journal of Psychiatry review found it equally effective as CBT for depression over the long term, especially for personality disorders.
3. Humanistic Therapy: Centered on self-actualization and personal growth, this client-led approach (e.g., Person-Centered Therapy by Carl Rogers) creates a nonjudgmental space for self-exploration. Therapists offer empathy, congruence, and unconditional positive regard rather than directives. It suits those seeking meaning or identity clarity. Studies in Psychotherapy Research (2020) report high client satisfaction and moderate efficacy for mild depression and self-esteem issues.

No single type is "best" effectiveness depends on the individual, diagnosis, and therapeutic alliance. Many therapists integrate elements from all three (eclectic approach) for tailored care.