Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder affecting how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. Early detection is crucial for better outcomes, as symptoms often emerge gradually in late teens to early adulthood (ages 16–30), though they can appear earlier or later. The initial signs are typically subtle and grouped into prodromal (early warning) phases, lasting months to years before full psychosis.

Positive Symptoms (Added Experiences)

• Hallucinations: Hearing voices (most common), seeing things, or sensing smells/touches that aren't real. Voices may comment on actions or argue.
• Delusions: Fixed false beliefs, like paranoia (being watched/followed), grandeur (special powers), or reference (events/media targeted at them).

Negative Symptoms (Loss of Normal Functions)

• Flat affect: Reduced emotional expression; blank stares or monotone voice.
• Avolition: Lack of motivation; neglecting hygiene, work, or hobbies.
• Social withdrawal: Isolating from friends/family, seeming detached.

Cognitive Symptoms (Thinking Issues)

• Disorganized thinking: Jumbled speech (tangential or "word salad").
• Trouble concentrating: Difficulty focusing, planning, or remembering.
• Poor executive function: Struggling with decisions or tasks.

Other Early Red Flags

• Sleep disturbances (insomnia/hypersomnia).
• Irritability, anxiety, or depression.
• Declining school/work performance.
• Odd behaviors, like excessive suspicion or ritualistic actions.

These signs vary widely; not everyone experiences all. Risk factors include family history, trauma, substance use (especially cannabis in teens), or brain injury. Seek professional help immediately if suspected a psychiatrist can assess via interviews, ruling out mimics like bipolar disorder, PTSD, or drug effects. Early intervention (therapy, meds like antipsychotics) can prevent progression.