The 5 P’s of psychotherapy refer to the framework therapists use to understand a client’s difficulties and guide treatment planning. They include Presenting problem, Predisposing factors, Precipitating factors, Perpetuating factors, and Protective factors. This model helps therapists look beyond symptoms to understand the full context of a person’s mental and emotional experience.

Presenting Problem

This is the main issue or concern that brings a person to therapy. It includes the symptoms, feelings, or behaviors that are currently causing distress or difficulty.

Predisposing Factors

These are underlying factors that make someone more vulnerable to developing emotional or psychological challenges. They may include genetics, early life experiences, family history, or personality traits.

Precipitating Factors

Precipitating factors are events or circumstances that trigger the current issue. This might include a recent loss, relationship conflict, trauma, or a major life transition that led to the onset of symptoms.

Perpetuating Factors

These are patterns or circumstances that maintain the problem or make it worse over time. Examples include avoidance behaviors, negative thought patterns, or ongoing stressors that prevent recovery.

Protective Factors

Protective factors are the strengths, supports, and resources that help a person cope and heal. These may include strong relationships, coping skills, faith, community support, or personal resilience.

Understanding the 5 P’s allows therapists to see the bigger picture—how a person’s history, environment, and strengths interact to shape their current experience. At Mindful Solutions, this framework helps guide personalized, compassionate care that supports lasting emotional growth and well-being.