Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common but serious mood disorder that affects how you feel, think, and handle daily activities. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) used by mental health professionals worldwide, at least five symptoms must be present for at least two weeks, with at least one being either depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure. Here are the five core symptoms:

1. Persistent sad, empty, or hopeless mood Most of the day, nearly every day, people feel overwhelming sadness, tearfulness, or emotional numbness. Children and teens may show irritability instead of sadness.
2. Loss of interest or pleasure (anhedonia) Previously enjoyable activities hobbies, socializing, sex, or even eating no longer bring joy. People often withdraw from friends, work, or family.
3. Significant changes in appetite or weight Some lose appetite and unintentionally drop weight (5% or more of body weight in a month), while others crave comfort food and gain weight rapidly.
4. Sleep disturbances Insomnia (trouble falling/staying asleep) or hypersomnia (sleeping 10–12+ hours yet still feeling exhausted) affects 70–80% of people with depression.
5. Fatigue or loss of energy Even simple tasks like showering or answering emails feel exhausting. Many describe it as “moving through molasses” or carrying invisible weights.

Other common symptoms include feelings of worthlessness/guilt, difficulty concentrating (“brain fog”), indecisiveness, restlessness or slowed movements, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. If you or someone you know experiences several of these symptoms for two weeks or more, seek professional help immediately call a doctor, therapist, or local crisis line (e.g., Kenya Mental Health Helpline: 1195 or Befrienders Kenya: +254 722 178 177). Depression is treatable with therapy, medication, lifestyle changes, or a combination. Early intervention dramatically improves outcomes.