While there’s no official clinical term called the “Big Five of depression,” the phrase is sometimes used informally to refer to five core symptoms that are most central to diagnosing major depressive disorder (MDD). These align closely with criteria from the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders).
The Five Key Symptoms of Depression
- Persistent Sad or Depressed Mood
Feeling sad, empty, or tearful most of the day, nearly every day often described as a “heavy” or “numb” emotional state. - Loss of Interest or Pleasure (Anhedonia)
No longer enjoying hobbies, social activities, or even close relationships. This is one of the most telling signs of clinical depression. - Significant Changes in Appetite or Weight
Unintentional weight loss or gain (e.g., 5% of body weight in a month) due to eating much more or much less than usual. - Sleep Disturbances
Insomnia (especially early morning waking) or hypersomnia (sleeping too much) nearly every day. - Fatigue or Loss of Energy
Feeling physically drained, even after rest. Simple tasks may feel exhausting or overwhelming.
Important Note:
To meet criteria for Major Depressive Disorder, a person must experience at least five symptoms total for two weeks or more, with significant distress or impairment in daily life. Other common symptoms include feelings of worthlessness, trouble concentrating, and thoughts of death or suicide.
Sometimes people confuse this with the “Big Five” personality traits (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism) which are unrelated to depression diagnosis but can influence vulnerability (e.g., high neuroticism is linked to higher depression risk).
Understanding these core symptoms helps clarify when “feeling down” may be clinical depression and when to seek professional support.