Recognizing the signs of PTSD in someone you care about requires observing patterns of change in their behavior, mood, and engagement with the world. It is not about diagnosing, but about noticing significant shifts that persist for over a month and cause them distress or functional impairment. The manifestations often cluster into specific, observable categories.

Key indicators that may help you spot PTSD in someone include:

• Profound Avoidance: They may systematically evade people, places, conversations, or activities that are reminders of the traumatic event. This can lead to social withdrawal and a narrowing of their life. You might notice they no longer drive on a certain highway, have stopped watching news reports, or abruptly leave family gatherings.
• Altered Mood and Outlook: A marked negative shift in their thoughts and feelings is common. This can appear as:
  • Persistent and distorted self-blame or guilt.
  • A pervasive loss of interest in hobbies and activities they once enjoyed.
  • A general sense of detachment or estrangement from others, even close family.
  • A pronounced inability to experience positive emotions (anhedonia).
• Hyperarousal and Reactivity: Their nervous system seems to be constantly on high alert. Observable signs include:
  • Irritability or uncharacteristic angry outbursts over minor issues.
  • Being easily startled by common sounds like a door slamming.
  • Hypervigilance—a constant, scanning watchfulness of their surroundings that seems excessive for the situation.
  • Problems with concentration and a noticeably restless sleep pattern.
• Intrusive Re-experiencing: While internal, these episodes often have external cues. You might witness them having a flashback, where they seem disconnected from the present and act as if the trauma is recurring. They may also be plagued by recurrent, distressing nightmares that disrupt their sleep.

It is critical to understand that these behaviors are survival responses, not choices. The person is often aware that their reactions are extreme but feels powerless to control them. If you observe this constellation of signs, the most supportive action is to express compassionate concern without pressure. Avoid confrontational language and instead, create a safe, non-judgmental space for them to share if they are ready. Encouraging them to seek a professional evaluation is a constructive step, as these specific symptom clusters are precisely what evidence-based, trauma-focused interventions are designed to address.